section 5.2: bones
Section 5.2 Essential Questions
1.How does the skeletal system assist with protection in the body?
The skeletal system physically protects the body by protecting the internal organs from an external force. The bone marrow found within bones produces white blood cells that defend the body against foreign invaders.
2.How does the structure of compact bone differ from the structure of spongy bone?
The structure of compact bone is much denser and creates a much harder and stronger substance. Spongy bone is somewhat less compact and is much mushier and more malleable.
3.How does the overall structure of bone provide great strength and flexibility, but keep bone from being too bulky and heavy?
80% of the bone is compact bone, which is very strong, but fairly weighty. 20% of the bone is spongy bone. Spongy bone is not as strong as compact bone, but it provides the bone with the ability to flex just enough to prevent most injury. It is also very light.
4.What is an X-ray?
X-rays are photos that are taken by a complex machine that allow doctors and physicians to see through the layers of skin and see the condition that the bones are in.
5.What are the different types of bone fractures and how are they identified on X-rays?
Comminuted: bone is in lots of pieces
Depression: depression in bone with lots of cracks around it
Compression: a malformed bone or a small crack in a bone that has two bones above and below it
Transverse: straight line that has broken a bone
Oblique: diagonal fracture of a bone
Spiral: similar to oblique, but the bone pieces have twisted around each other
Greenstick: the bone is not broken all of the way through and is bent.
Open: fracture has caused the bone to pierce the skin
Closed: fracture did not break the skin
6.How can damage to a bone affect other human body systems?
An open fracture, a fracture that breaks the skin, pierces all layers of skin and makes the body more open to an infection or attack by various pathogens in the air.
7.What is bone remodeling?
The process a bone goes through after a fracture has broken it completely in order to be mended and return to a normal shape.
8.How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts assist with bone remodeling and overall bone homeostasis?
Osteoblasts build up bone by causing calcium in the bloodstream to be stored in the bone, in the event that blood calcium levels are too high. Osteoclasts cause calcium stored in the bone to be broken down and released into the bloodstream, in the event that blood calcium levels are too low. When a fracture occurs, these two work together to remove the old and damaged bone and to build up new bone.
9.What is the relationship between bone remodeling and blood calcium levels?
As bone is remodeled after a fracture or some other form of trauma, osteoblasts and osteoclasts alternately work in order to restore the bone to its original shape. This means that the blood calcium levels will alternately increase and decrease depending on what stage of remodeling the bone is in and which bone cell is more active.
10.How do hormones assist in the maintenance of healthy bone and the release of calcium to be used in other body processes?
The parathyroid gland detects whether or not the level of blood calcium is too high or too low. If it is too high, the parathyroid releases the parathyroid hormone that subdues osteoclast activity so that the osteoblast draws more calcium from the blood to be stored in the bone. The thyroid gland releases calcitonin in order to increase the amount of osteoclasts that are active, forcing more calcium in the bones to be broken down and then released into the bloodstream in order to increase the blood calcium levels.
11.What are the four main stages of healing that occur after a bone fracture?
1) Hematoma Formation
2) Fibrocartilage Callus Formation
3) Bony Callus Formation
4) Bone Remodeling
12.What lifestyle choices relate to the overall strength and protective properties of bone?
Diet
+Lots of Vitamin D helps the body to absorb more calcium
+Getting lots of food that is high in calcium such as milk
Activities
+Running a healthy amount can help to strength bones
+Non-weight-bearing exercises, such as swimming, do not directly build bone density or mass, but they still build muscle, which can still help the bone to be strengthened
Bad Habits
+Bad habits, such as biting your nails, can damage your teeth, bones that extend from the skull
+Worse habits, such as smoking and excessively drinking alcohol, can damage your body as a whole, but they can leach nutrients from your bones and weaken your body's main support system
1.How does the skeletal system assist with protection in the body?
The skeletal system physically protects the body by protecting the internal organs from an external force. The bone marrow found within bones produces white blood cells that defend the body against foreign invaders.
2.How does the structure of compact bone differ from the structure of spongy bone?
The structure of compact bone is much denser and creates a much harder and stronger substance. Spongy bone is somewhat less compact and is much mushier and more malleable.
3.How does the overall structure of bone provide great strength and flexibility, but keep bone from being too bulky and heavy?
80% of the bone is compact bone, which is very strong, but fairly weighty. 20% of the bone is spongy bone. Spongy bone is not as strong as compact bone, but it provides the bone with the ability to flex just enough to prevent most injury. It is also very light.
4.What is an X-ray?
X-rays are photos that are taken by a complex machine that allow doctors and physicians to see through the layers of skin and see the condition that the bones are in.
5.What are the different types of bone fractures and how are they identified on X-rays?
Comminuted: bone is in lots of pieces
Depression: depression in bone with lots of cracks around it
Compression: a malformed bone or a small crack in a bone that has two bones above and below it
Transverse: straight line that has broken a bone
Oblique: diagonal fracture of a bone
Spiral: similar to oblique, but the bone pieces have twisted around each other
Greenstick: the bone is not broken all of the way through and is bent.
Open: fracture has caused the bone to pierce the skin
Closed: fracture did not break the skin
6.How can damage to a bone affect other human body systems?
An open fracture, a fracture that breaks the skin, pierces all layers of skin and makes the body more open to an infection or attack by various pathogens in the air.
7.What is bone remodeling?
The process a bone goes through after a fracture has broken it completely in order to be mended and return to a normal shape.
8.How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts assist with bone remodeling and overall bone homeostasis?
Osteoblasts build up bone by causing calcium in the bloodstream to be stored in the bone, in the event that blood calcium levels are too high. Osteoclasts cause calcium stored in the bone to be broken down and released into the bloodstream, in the event that blood calcium levels are too low. When a fracture occurs, these two work together to remove the old and damaged bone and to build up new bone.
9.What is the relationship between bone remodeling and blood calcium levels?
As bone is remodeled after a fracture or some other form of trauma, osteoblasts and osteoclasts alternately work in order to restore the bone to its original shape. This means that the blood calcium levels will alternately increase and decrease depending on what stage of remodeling the bone is in and which bone cell is more active.
10.How do hormones assist in the maintenance of healthy bone and the release of calcium to be used in other body processes?
The parathyroid gland detects whether or not the level of blood calcium is too high or too low. If it is too high, the parathyroid releases the parathyroid hormone that subdues osteoclast activity so that the osteoblast draws more calcium from the blood to be stored in the bone. The thyroid gland releases calcitonin in order to increase the amount of osteoclasts that are active, forcing more calcium in the bones to be broken down and then released into the bloodstream in order to increase the blood calcium levels.
11.What are the four main stages of healing that occur after a bone fracture?
1) Hematoma Formation
2) Fibrocartilage Callus Formation
3) Bony Callus Formation
4) Bone Remodeling
12.What lifestyle choices relate to the overall strength and protective properties of bone?
Diet
+Lots of Vitamin D helps the body to absorb more calcium
+Getting lots of food that is high in calcium such as milk
Activities
+Running a healthy amount can help to strength bones
+Non-weight-bearing exercises, such as swimming, do not directly build bone density or mass, but they still build muscle, which can still help the bone to be strengthened
Bad Habits
+Bad habits, such as biting your nails, can damage your teeth, bones that extend from the skull
+Worse habits, such as smoking and excessively drinking alcohol, can damage your body as a whole, but they can leach nutrients from your bones and weaken your body's main support system