Section 4.1 Joints
Essential Questions
1. What role do joints play in the human body?
They allow movement and flexibility for the limbs and they also support the skeleton
2. How are joints classified by both structure and function?
They can either be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial; They can be classified by how much movement they allow
3. What are the different types of synovial joints?
Hinge, Gliding, Pivot, Ball in Socket, Saddle, and Condyloid,
4. What role do cartilage, tendons, and ligaments play at a joint?
Cartilage cushions, tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bones to other bones
5. What terms describe the path of movement at a joint?
Bending and Extension
6. What is range of motion?
The range in which a joint can move without damage or serious injury
7. How do you measure the range of motion of a particular joint movement?
Using a goniometer to measure the angles of a joint
8. How do bones, muscles and joints work together to enable movement and locomotion for the human body?
Bones provide structure/support, muscles move the bones, and joints allow bones to movement and increase flexibility for each person
4.1.1 Conclusion Questions
1. How do you think bones, muscles and joints work together to move the body?
Bones provide structure and support, but have to be moved by the muscles. Joints are where two bones meet and they allow for extra movement and allow for flexibility
2. Your friend Andre comes to school and tells you that he has a dislocated shoulder. Based on what you now know about joints, what do you think this means?
The head of his humerus has separated from the socket that his shoulder bone provides.
3. How are tendons and ligaments similar and how are they different?
They are both connective tissues, but tendons connect muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to other bones
4. Explain why the elbow joint of a cow and the elbow joint of a human have similar, but not identical structure. Think about the actions each organism completes with this limb.
They are both composed of an ulna, a radius, and a humerus, but the cow has a fused radius and ulna while a human's ulna and radius remain separate
5. What type of joint is the hip joint? Describe the type(s) of movements this joint can perform.
Ball in socket. It can rotate, circumvent, extend, and do most any type of movement, but it can be dislocated
4.1.2 Conclusion Questions
1. Describe how your range of motion compares to the range of motion of those in your group. Why might there be differences?
My values were slightly less. Differences in range of motion depend on athletic activity, weight, and the amount of activities you do that require greater flexibility
2. Which type of joint do you think allows for the greatest number of different movements? Explain your reasoning.
Ball-in-Socket. It is not restricted by as many ligaments. It is simply a sphere that can, for the most part, rotate in a shallow indention.
3. What factors influence range of motion of a joint?
The amount of muscle around a joint, how often the joint is used, any previous injury inflicted on the joint
4. Explain how a person can improve flexibility at the joints.
Stretching daily can improve flexibility of joints, but stretching too much may destabilize the joint.
5. Your goniometer breaks. Describe another way you might be able to measure range of motion. You may use any other materials.
Protractors, as commonly used in geometry, measure angles in a similar way that a goniometer does.
6. Your favorite team is winning the championship game. You drop to one knee, tip your head back, raise one hand over your head, clench your fist and yell, “Yes.” Use the proper terms to describe the movements undertaken by your joints
Drop to one knee: Flexion
Tip head back: Extension
Raise one hand: Abduction
Clench fist: Flexion
7. You overhear two men at the gym talking about their extensor muscles of the forearm. Based on what you know about the motion at joints, how would you describe the movement of these muscles?
Their purpose is to extend the forearm away from the body, increasing the angle of the elbow in regards to the rest of the arm.
1. What role do joints play in the human body?
They allow movement and flexibility for the limbs and they also support the skeleton
2. How are joints classified by both structure and function?
They can either be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial; They can be classified by how much movement they allow
3. What are the different types of synovial joints?
Hinge, Gliding, Pivot, Ball in Socket, Saddle, and Condyloid,
4. What role do cartilage, tendons, and ligaments play at a joint?
Cartilage cushions, tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bones to other bones
5. What terms describe the path of movement at a joint?
Bending and Extension
6. What is range of motion?
The range in which a joint can move without damage or serious injury
7. How do you measure the range of motion of a particular joint movement?
Using a goniometer to measure the angles of a joint
8. How do bones, muscles and joints work together to enable movement and locomotion for the human body?
Bones provide structure/support, muscles move the bones, and joints allow bones to movement and increase flexibility for each person
4.1.1 Conclusion Questions
1. How do you think bones, muscles and joints work together to move the body?
Bones provide structure and support, but have to be moved by the muscles. Joints are where two bones meet and they allow for extra movement and allow for flexibility
2. Your friend Andre comes to school and tells you that he has a dislocated shoulder. Based on what you now know about joints, what do you think this means?
The head of his humerus has separated from the socket that his shoulder bone provides.
3. How are tendons and ligaments similar and how are they different?
They are both connective tissues, but tendons connect muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to other bones
4. Explain why the elbow joint of a cow and the elbow joint of a human have similar, but not identical structure. Think about the actions each organism completes with this limb.
They are both composed of an ulna, a radius, and a humerus, but the cow has a fused radius and ulna while a human's ulna and radius remain separate
5. What type of joint is the hip joint? Describe the type(s) of movements this joint can perform.
Ball in socket. It can rotate, circumvent, extend, and do most any type of movement, but it can be dislocated
4.1.2 Conclusion Questions
1. Describe how your range of motion compares to the range of motion of those in your group. Why might there be differences?
My values were slightly less. Differences in range of motion depend on athletic activity, weight, and the amount of activities you do that require greater flexibility
2. Which type of joint do you think allows for the greatest number of different movements? Explain your reasoning.
Ball-in-Socket. It is not restricted by as many ligaments. It is simply a sphere that can, for the most part, rotate in a shallow indention.
3. What factors influence range of motion of a joint?
The amount of muscle around a joint, how often the joint is used, any previous injury inflicted on the joint
4. Explain how a person can improve flexibility at the joints.
Stretching daily can improve flexibility of joints, but stretching too much may destabilize the joint.
5. Your goniometer breaks. Describe another way you might be able to measure range of motion. You may use any other materials.
Protractors, as commonly used in geometry, measure angles in a similar way that a goniometer does.
6. Your favorite team is winning the championship game. You drop to one knee, tip your head back, raise one hand over your head, clench your fist and yell, “Yes.” Use the proper terms to describe the movements undertaken by your joints
Drop to one knee: Flexion
Tip head back: Extension
Raise one hand: Abduction
Clench fist: Flexion
7. You overhear two men at the gym talking about their extensor muscles of the forearm. Based on what you know about the motion at joints, how would you describe the movement of these muscles?
Their purpose is to extend the forearm away from the body, increasing the angle of the elbow in regards to the rest of the arm.